Prep the sprouts: Rinse Brussels sprouts. Trim the stem ends and remove any yellow or tough outer leaves.
Slice sprouts in half lengthwise. For very large ones, quarter them for even cooking.
Dry them well: Pat the sprouts dry with a clean towel. Removing moisture is key to crisp edges and less steaming in the air fryer.
Season evenly: In a large bowl, toss sprouts with oil, salt, pepper, garlic powder, and onion powder.
Add red pepper flakes if using. Make sure each piece has a light, glossy coat.
Preheat the air fryer: Set to 375°F (190°C) for 3 to 5 minutes. A hot basket helps the cut sides caramelize quickly.
Arrange in the basket: Spread the sprouts in a single layer, cut side down when possible.
A few loose leaves are great—those get extra crispy. Cook in batches if needed to avoid overcrowding.
Air fry until crisp-tender: Cook for 8 minutes, then shake the basket or flip with tongs. Continue for 4 to 6 more minutes, until edges are deeply browned and centers are tender when pierced.
Total time is usually 12 to 14 minutes.
Finish with acid and sweetness: Transfer to a bowl. Toss with balsamic or lemon juice and, if you like, a drizzle of honey or maple syrup. Taste and adjust salt and pepper.
Serve hot: Sprinkle with Parmesan if desired and serve right away while the leaves are still crisp.